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Novel materials and technologies are revolutionising the way vaccines can be targeted into the most appropriate parts of the body, while new ways of manufacturing vaccines may improve speed and availability.

• While traditional methods for constructing and delivering vaccines have been highly successful against many infections, it remains challenging to stimulate protection against many diseases of worldwide importance. Innovative strategies to deliver vaccines to the right cells in the right place at the right time are needed to induce protective immunity that is better than what can be achieved by the immune system naturally.
• Furthermore, we are developing new ways to construct and manufacture vaccines so that these processes are responsive to changes in need, such as emerging infections and outbreaks. Reducing the cost of vaccine manufacture is also a major focus to improve access in low and middle income countries.