BibTex format
@article{Zamora:2026:epjc/s10052-026-15875-x,
author = {Zamora, Sa谩 J and Zaffaroni, E and Yoon, CS and Yoo, SM and Yazici, C and Yang, Z and Yamamoto, S and Wanke, R and Vilela, C and Viegas, Guerreiro Leonardo N and Verguilov, V and Vasquez, G and Vankova-Kirilova, G and Ursov, E and Trippl, C and Tioukov, V and Timiryasov, I and Tesarek, J and Tarek, A and Steggemann, J and Starkov, N and Spurio, M and Sandoval, OJS and Sohn, JY and Soares, G and Smith, TE and Sirri, G and Siroli, GP and Silano, C and Shibuya, H and Shchutska, L and Shchedrina, T and Shevchenko, V and Shaposhnikov, M and Serra, N and Serban, AG and Sekhniaidze, G and Schneider, O and Schmidt-Parzefall, W and Scalera, V and Samoilov, M and Sadykov, Z and Ruf, T and Ruchayskiy, O and Rovelli, T and Rossolino, N and Ronchetti, F and Roganova, T and Reghunath, A and Ramos, S and Quercia, A and Prota, A and Primavera, F and Polukhina, N and Podgrudkov, D and Perrotta, A and Paggi, G and Ovchynnikov, M and Okateva, N and Ogawa, S and Obayashi, K and Nuntiyakul, W and Navarria,},
doi = {epjc/s10052-026-15875-x},
journal = {European Physical Journal C},
title = {Study of the Run-3 muon flux at the SND@LHC experiment},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-15875-x},
volume = {86},
year = {2026}
}
RIS format (EndNote, RefMan)
TY - JOUR
AB - Long-range muons produced in proton–proton collisions at the ATLAS interaction point constitute the primary background for neutrino interaction searches at the SND@LHC experiment. This work presents a comprehensive characterization of the muon flux throughout LHC Run-3, benchmarking Monte Carlo simulations against experimental measurements. Measured and simulated muon rates agree within 10–15% across all Run-3 configurations. Following the substantial background increase in 2024 as a result of a beam optics change, the reversion to nominal optics in 2025 did not restore the 2022–2023 levels due to the unprecedented adoption of horizontal crossing in ATLAS. As indicated by simulation results, horizontal crossing enhanced the contribution of high-angle muons originating from diffractive proton losses in the LHC Dispersion Suppressor region. Their identification enabled the design of mitigation strategies that were experimentally validated. The simulation framework was also applied to the future high-luminosity LHC configuration, resulting in a considerable muon rate rise, driven by both the planned luminosity increase and the enlarged magnet aperture. Nevertheless, the upgrade from emulsion films to silicon vertex detectors will preserve the efficiency of the experiment even in such a high-rate environment.
AU - Zamora,Sa谩 J
AU - Zaffaroni,E
AU - Yoon,CS
AU - Yoo,SM
AU - Yazici,C
AU - Yang,Z
AU - Yamamoto,S
AU - Wanke,R
AU - Vilela,C
AU - Viegas,Guerreiro Leonardo N
AU - Verguilov,V
AU - Vasquez,G
AU - Vankova-Kirilova,G
AU - Ursov,E
AU - Trippl,C
AU - Tioukov,V
AU - Timiryasov,I
AU - Tesarek,J
AU - Tarek,A
AU - Steggemann,J
AU - Starkov,N
AU - Spurio,M
AU - Sandoval,OJS
AU - Sohn,JY
AU - Soares,G
AU - Smith,TE
AU - Sirri,G
AU - Siroli,GP
AU - Silano,C
AU - Shibuya,H
AU - Shchutska,L
AU - Shchedrina,T
AU - Shevchenko,V
AU - Shaposhnikov,M
AU - Serra,N
AU - Serban,AG
AU - Sekhniaidze,G
AU - Schneider,O
AU - Schmidt-Parzefall,W
AU - Scalera,V
AU - Samoilov,M
AU - Sadykov,Z
AU - Ruf,T
AU - Ruchayskiy,O
AU - Rovelli,T
AU - Rossolino,N
AU - Ronchetti,F
AU - Roganova,T
AU - Reghunath,A
AU - Ramos,S
AU - Quercia,A
AU - Prota,A
AU - Primavera,F
AU - Polukhina,N
AU - Podgrudkov,D
AU - Perrotta,A
AU - Paggi,G
AU - Ovchynnikov,M
AU - Okateva,N
AU - Ogawa,S
AU - Obayashi,K
AU - Nuntiyakul,W
AU - Navarria,FL
AU - Mozzina,L
AU - Morozova,D
AU - Montesi,MC
AU - Mikulenko,A
AU - Miano,A
AU - Mei,F
AU - Majstorovic,M
AU - Mascellani,A
AU - Loschiavo,VP
AU - Lerner,G
AU - Lee,WC
AU - Lee,KS
AU - Lee,KY
AU - Lauria,A
AU - Manghi,FL
AU - Lantwin,O
AU - Landi,I
AU - Lacker,HM
AU - Kuleshov,S
AU - Konovalova,N
AU - Komatsu,M
AU - Klioutchnikov,G
AU - Kim,YG
AU - Kim,SH
AU - Khalikov,E
AU - Kauniskangas,AM
AU - Iuliano,A
AU - Infantino,A
AU - Infante,Cabanas SA
AU - Ilieva,S
AU - van,Herwijnen E
AU - Helo,Herrera JC
AU - Hagner,C
AU - Haefeli,GJ
AU - Guliaeva,V
AU - Guler,AM
AU - Guiducci,L
DO - epjc/s10052-026-15875-x
PY - 2026///
SN - 1434-6044
TI - Study of the Run-3 muon flux at the SND@LHC experiment
T2 - European Physical Journal C
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-15875-x
VL - 86
ER -