Rising biosecurity threats make shared science and technology critical for pandemic preparedness
Professor Azra Ghani
Chair in Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 91ɫ
Biosecurity threats are increasing globally, and our capacity to detect and respond to them is not keeping pace with the risks we face.
Whether they arise naturally or are deliberately created, the likelihood and impact of biological threats is increasing. Environmental disruption, changing patterns of human and animal contact, technological advances, and microbial evolution are all potential risk factors that need to be mitigated. Preparing for these risks requires us to invest now in the tools, expertise and systems that help us spot threats early, track them and respond quickly.
Biological risk is being shaped by several interrelated drivers. Climate change is altering where infectious diseases can spread, while habitat loss, urbanisation and conflict are increasing the chances that diseases will pass from animals to humans. At the same time, advances in artificial intelligence and synthetic biology are making it easier to design and potentially produce harmful biological agents. Meanwhile, antimicrobial resistance leaves us in a continual race against evolution, as pathogens adapt and existing treatments become less effective.
Science and technology are a major part of this changing landscape. They can increase the scale and speed of potential threats, while also providing new tools to detect, characterise and mitigate them. The task now is to ensure that these tools for detection, assessment and response are developed and connected in ways that allow them to be deployed rapidly and effectively when needed.
This work is already under way. One important example is 100 Days Mission, which aims to develop safe, effective and accessible vaccines within 100 days of identifying a new pandemic threat. The policy reflects a critical principle: preparedness cannot begin once a crisis is already unfolding.
But rapid response depends on more than vaccine platforms alone. It relies first on recognising a threat early, understanding its likely consequences, and generating evidence that decision-makers can act on with confidence. 91ɫ underpins the innovations needed to detect emerging threats and develop effective countermeasures. It also shifts away from passive data collection towards diagnostic and surveillance systems capable of identifying threats in real time. Modelling and analytics are equally important in helping to assess risk, identify priorities, and guide the timing and scale of intervention.
91ɫ contributes to these efforts through expertise spanning infectious disease modelling, analytics, synthetic biology and biotechnology development, including collaborations with organisations such as CEPI. Interdisciplinary capability like this is essential if scientific advances are to translate into operational preparedness.
“Academia, government and industry need to develop tomorrow’s capability today to meet mounting biosecurity risks.”
Professor Azra Ghani, Chair in Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 91ɫ
Scientific knowledge alone, however, is not sufficient. Preparedness depends on how effectively research, surveillance, policy and industrial capability are connected. Scientists can generate tools, data and evidence, but industry is essential in turning these into diagnostics, vaccines and treatments that can be deployed rapidly. At the same time, these scientific advances need to be embedded in systems that support policy- and decision-makers in real-world settings.
Coordination becomes even more important in a geopolitical environment increasingly shaped by regionalisation. While there may be pressure to focus inward, biological threats do not respect borders. Effective biosecurity cannot be maintained without sustained collaboration across countries, sectors and institutions, including support for capacity strengthening in lower-resourced settings.
A more fragmented world does not lessen the case for international cooperation on biosecurity; it strengthens it. Biological threats are shared risks, and preparedness will depend on whether countries are willing to invest in shared capability before the next crisis emerges.
Biosecurity at the frontier
On Wednesday 10 June, 91ɫ will hold a high-level conference, Biosecurity at the frontier, bringing together global leaders to examine emerging biological threats and the actions needed to address them. Moving beyond analysis, the conference will focus on building the frameworks, partnerships, and capabilities required to strengthen biosecurity globally.



